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There should be multi professional involvement in the review of critical incidents and near misses and in reviewing and learning from clinical excellence.⁸⁷

Colleagues involved in reviewing significant adverse events should have appropriate education and training which includes an understanding of human factors and the complexity of healthcare systems.⁸⁷

All staff should recognise and act upon their duty of candour and should foster a culture for reporting incidents and concerns with confidence that the focus of the organisation is on learning and improvement rather than blame.^14,78 Adequate information sharing and feedback, as well as avoidance of blame, are essential to encouraging staff to value and therefore engage with the system.⁸⁷

Departments should consider having a means of identifying those colleagues who have been involved in a patient safety incident and providing an opportunity for them to talk about what has happened and the impact it has had on them in a confidential and supportive environment.^87,88

Departments should have a clear and readily available plan accessible to all members of the anaesthetic team to manage adverse events both for a patient and beyond for a colleague/s or the department.  This might include exploring the possibilities of interdepartmental peer support groups, and strategies to reduce the emotional burden on staff after adverse events.^89,90,92,93

The department should provide training and education in dealing with adverse events including: what to do after an adverse incident, potential problems, appropriate communication skills, the law surrounding adverse incidents and where to find expert support. ^43,91,92,95

Following an adverse event, those involved should be supported appropriately. Expert support services should be signposted and made easy to access, and there should be a regular ‘check in’ from a trusted senior colleague known to and accepted by the anaesthetist or staff affected.^94,95,96

Arrangements to handover duties easily and swiftly should be made promptly and sympathetically to enable the anaesthetist or staff member to have time away from the workplace following a major adverse event. Additional support should be provided on return to work and also when the anaesthetist is presented with similar clinical scenarios.⁹⁷

Departmental procedures should be in place to facilitate a voluntary debrief, using a structured, and validated approach.

The emotional health of caregivers should be taken into consideration in incident investigation with advice and support available for dealing with hospital investigations, coroners’ inquests and possible legal proceedings.  Resulting action and further psychological support should be available to individuals to enable recovery.⁹⁸