1_RD_E: Describes essential statistical techniques used in research 
| 1_RD_E_1 | Principles of study design, including types of study and choice of outcome measure. | 
| 1_RD_E_2 | Outcome measures and the uncertainty in their definition | 
| 1_RD_E_3 | Principles of meta-analysis and evidence-based medicine | 
| 1_RD_E_4 | Types of data and their graphical representation | 
| 1_RD_E_5 | The normal distribution and other examples of probability distributions. (Note: the term 'parametric distribution, although in widespread use, is not strictly correct and should be avoided.)
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| 1_RD_E_6 | Descriptive statistics of central tendency and variability | 
| 1_RD_E_7 | Using samples to represent populations, and the construction and interpretation of confidence intervals | 
| 1_RD_E_8 | The general principles of the null hypothesis inference testing method, including the interpretation of p-values | 
| 1_RD_E_9 | Simple statistical tests and their use. | 
| 1_RD_E_10 | Type I and type II errors, statistical power, and the principles of sample size calculation | 
| 1_RD_E_11 | Sensitivity, specificity, ROC curves and predictive values. | 
| 1_RD_E_12 | Regression and Correlation |